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convenience yield : ウィキペディア英語版
convenience yield

A convenience yield is an adjustment to the cost of carry in the non-arbitrage pricing formula for forward prices in markets with trading constraints.
Let F_ be the forward price of an asset with initial price S_t and maturity T. Suppose that r is the continuously compounded interest rate for one year. Then, the non-arbitrage pricing formula should be
F_ = S_t \cdot e^
However, this relationship does not hold in most commodity markets, partly because of the inability of investors and speculators to short the underlying asset, S_t. Instead, there is a correction to the forward pricing formula given by the convenience yield c. Hence
F_ = S_t \cdot e^
This makes it possible for backwardation to be observable.
==Example==

A trader has observed that the price of 6-month (T) gold futures price (F) is $1,300 per troy ounce, whereas the spot price (S) is $1,371 per troy ounce. The (not compounded) borrowing rate for a 6-month loan (r) is 3.5% per annum, and storage cost for gold is negligible (0%). Since we know we have the relation:
F = S \left(1 + (r - c) T \right )
What is the convenience yield implied by the futures price?
From the formula above, we isolate the convenience yield (c), and we obtain:
c = r + \frac \left(1 - \frac \right)
c = 0.035 + \frac \left(1 - \frac \right)= 0.13857 = 13.9\% (per annum, not compounded)
For information, if we had a continuously compounded 6-month borrowing rate and if we were looking for the continuously compounded convenience yield, we would have the formula:
F = S \cdot e^
And the convenience yield would therefore be:
c = r - \frac \ln\left( \frac \right)
c = 0.035 - \frac \times \ln\left( \frac \right) = 0.14135 = 14.1\% (per annum, continuously compounded)

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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